PUBERTY

Puberty is the process of biologic & physical development through which sexual reproduction first becomes possible. various physical changes occur during puberty

They are

· Accelerated growth

· Breast development & growth

· Pubic & axillary hair growth

· Menarche -i.e. appearance of 1^st menses

(ovulation usually occurs 1-3years after menarche)

· Most girls get their 1^st menses between 9yrs to 16yrs. mean age is 12.8yrs

If a young girl

1. Does not have menses by age of 14yrs and also secondary sexual characteristics

Or

2. No menses by age of 16yrs despite secondary sex characteristics

Then she would need further investigation. One should then see a gynecologist .

x-ray in pregnancy

X-rays in pregnancy

Diagnostic x-ray is a frequent source of patient anxiety in pregnancy

It is important to note that

1. No single diagnostic x-ray procedure is enough to threaten the wellbeing of the embryo or fetus

2. Risk of fetal anomalies ,growth restriction spontaneous abortion are not increased at exposure level of <5 rads

3. MRI and ultrasound are safe in all stages of pregnancy

4. Radio opaque and paramagnetic contrast agents are unlikely to cause harm; but should be used only when the benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

5. Use of radio-active isotopes of iodine is contraindicated in pregnancy.

Prevention of malaria

Prevention of Malaria

Malaria is a very common infection and can be life-threatening but it is preventable. Malaria is caused by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito.

Malaria infection in pregnancy carries significant risks to mother and baby. Miscarriage, stillbirth and premature labour are the main complications of malaria.

Various measures can be taken to prevent malaria

The ‘ABCD’ of malaria prevention is as follows:

● Awareness of risk

● Bite prevention

● Chemoprophylaxis

● Diagnosis and treatment which must be prompt

Education about the cause and symptoms of malaria (such as a fever with chills) is useful.

Bite Prevention measures include

· skin repellents

· knock-down mosquito spray

· insecticide-treated bed nets

· clothing and room protection

The anopheline mosquito has different preferred biting times in different parts of the world. But the maximum risk period is from dawn to dusk.Therefore the mosquito bite prevention measures need to be applied 24 hours a day.

Skin repellents containing 20% DEET

Have been used and there are no apparent adverse effects

Knock-down mosquito sprays:

Permethrin and Pyrethroids sprays kill resting and flying mosquitoes. A can of insect spray active against mosquitoes is useful to help clear the room of mosquitoes. Pyrethroids will quickly kill mosquitoes and are the preferred ingredient in sprays, while permethrin will both repel and kill mosquitoes when used regularly in the same room.

Insecticide treated bed net

Long lasting pyrethroid-impregnated bed nets offer significant protection.Nets are now recommended by the World Health Organization for all pregnant women

Clothing that covers the body and forms a barrier from biting mosquitoes will also reduce the risk of malaria.

After sunset, long sleeves, long trousers, loose-fitting clothing and socks, regardless of colour, are recommended. Clothes can be impregnated with permethrin or permethrin or DEET can be spayed on to the clothes.

Drugs for malaria prevention

it is important to note that there is no drug that is 100% protective in preventing malaria. The choice of drug depends on various factors.

Women planning pregnancy and travelling to a destination where there is a risk of contracting malaria should note that

1. Malaria can cause harm to the pregnancy. Malaria is associated with increased risk of miscarriage.

2. Prophylaxis is not 100% effective

3. Women should try and avoid travel to endemic places or choose an alternative destination. If it not possible to delay either the pregnancy or the travel plan, then they should take prophylaxis.

4. They are also advised that they should avoid getting pregnant till the drug is completely excreted from the body. Thus they can avoid any inadvertent exposure of the fetus to the drug in the first trimester.

5. Nevertheless, if there is an unplanned conception while taking malaria prophylaxis, it is not necessary to do termination of pregnancy, as the risk to the fetus is low.

6. Mefloquine is essentially the only drug considered safe for prophylaxis in pregnant travellers in the second and third trimesters. The use of mefloquine in the first trimester may still be justified in areas of high risk of acquiring falciparum malaria.

This article is meant only to provide information and not be a substitute for medical opinion.

IT IS WITH GREAT PLEASURE THAT I INFORM ALL MY FOLLOWERS THAT I HAVE NOW ATTAINED THE TITLE OF

THE 'FRCOG'

AFTER 12 YEARS OF MRCOG THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF OBSTETRICIANS AND GYNECOLOGISTS.... IN THE UK, DOES AN ASSESSMENT OF YOUR PERFORMANCE AND THEN CONFERS ON YOU THE TITLE OF FRCOG ...... I.E. FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE

THE CONVOCATION FOR THE SAME WAS CONDUCTED IN LONDON AT THE ROYAL COLLEGE ON THE 23RD SEPT 2011.

HERE I WANT TO THANK MY PARENTS FOR ALWAYS BEING THERE FOR ME , ENCOURAGING ME AND SUPPORTING ME ALL THE WAY THRU. NONE OF THIS WOULD BE POSSIBLE WITHOUT THEIR SUPPORT.

I ALSO THANK ALL MY FAMILY MEMBERS, FRIENDS WELL WISHERS AND PATIENTS WHO HAVE SUPPORTED ME ALWAYS.